Pamid

/ CTS

Adults: The dosage of one tablet, containing 2.5mg indapamide, to be taken daily in the morning.
Renal failure: In severe renal failure (creatinine clearance below 30 ml/min), treatment is contraindicated. Thiazides and related diuretics are fully effective only when renal function is normal or only minimally impaired.
Elderly: As for adults. In the elderly, the plasma creatinine must be adjusted in relation to age, weight and gender. Elderly patients can be treated with indapamide when renal function is normal or only minimally impaired.
Hepatic impairment: In severe hepatic impairment, treatment is contraindicated.
Children and adolescents: Indapamide is not recommended for use in children and adolescents due to a lack of data on safety and efficacy.
The action of indapamide is progressive and the reduction in blood pressure may continue and not reach a maximum until several months after the start of therapy. A larger dose than 2.5mg of indapamide daily is not recommended as there is no appreciable additional anti-hypertensive effect but a diuretic effect may become apparent. If a single daily tablet of indapamide does not achieve a sufficient reduction in blood pressure, another antihypertensive agent may be added; those which have been used in combination with Indapamide include beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, methyldopa, clonidine and other adrenergic blocking agents.
The co-administration of indapamide with diuretics may cause hypokalaemia and, therefore, is not recommended.
There is no evidence of rebound hypertension on withdrawal of indapamide.
Pamid tablets are for oral administration only. The tablets can be taken with or without food.

Hypertension, fluid retention.

Hypersensitivity to the active substance, Sulphonamide derivatives or to any of the excipients.
Severe renal failure
Hepatic encephalopathy or severe impairment of liver function
Hypokalaemia

Hepatic impairment:
When liver function is impaired, thiazide-related diuretics may cause, particularly in case of electrolyte imbalance, hepatic encephalopathy, which can progress to hepatic coma. Administration of the diuretic must be stopped immediately if this occurs.
Photosensitivity: Cases of photosensitivity have been reported with thiazide and thiazide-related diuretics. If photosensitivity reaction occurs during treatment, it is recommended to stop the treatment. If re-administration of the duritics is deemed necessary, it is recommended to protect exposed areas from the sun or artificial UVA.
Excipients: Patients with rare heredity problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.
Water and electrolyte balance:
– Plasma sodium: This must be measured before starting treatment, then at regular intervals subsequently. Any diuretics treatment may cause hyponatremia, sometimes with very serious consequences. The fall in plasma sodium may be asymptomatic initially and regular monitoring is therefore essential, and should be even more frequent in the elderly and cirrhotic patients.
– Plasma potassium: Potassium depletion with hypokalemia is the major risk of thiazide and related diuretics. Hypokalaemia may cause muscle disorders. Cases of Rhabdomyolysis have been reported, mainly in the context of severe hypokalaemia. The risk of onset of hypokalemia (<3.4 mmol/l) must be prevented in certain high-risk populations, i.e. the elderly, malnourished and/or poly-medicated, cirrhotic patients with oedema and ascites, coronary artery disease and cardiac failure patients. In this latter situation, hypokalaemia increases the cardiac toxicity of digitalis preparations and the risks of arrhythmias. Individuals with a long QT interval are also at risk, whether the origin is congenital or iatrogenic. Hypokalaemia, as well as bradycardia, is then a pre-disposing factor to the onset of severe arrhythmias, in particular, potentially fatal torsades de pointes. More frequent monitoring of plasma potassium is required in all the situations indicated above. The first measurement should be obtained during the first week following the start of treatment.
Detection of hypokalaemia requires its correction. Hypokalaemia found in association with low serum magnesium concentration can be refractory to treatment unless serum magnesium is corrected.
– Plasma calcium: Thiazide and related diuretics may decrease urinary calcium excretion and cause a slight and transitory rise in plasma calcium. Frank hypercalcaemia may be due to previously unrecognized hyperparathyroidism.
Treatment should be withdrawn before the investigation of parathyroid function.
– Plasma magnesium: Thiazides and related diuretics including indapamide have been shown to increase the urinary excretion of magnesium, which may result in hypomagnesaemia.
Blood glucose: Monitoring of blood glucose is important in diabetics, in particular in the presence of hypokalaemia.
Uric acid: Tendency to gout attacks may be increased in hyperuricaemic patients.
Renal function and diuretics: Thiazide and related diuretics are fully effective only when renal function is normal or only minimally impaired (plasma creatinine below levels of the order of 25 mg/ml, i.e. 220 μmol/L in an adult). In the elderly, this plasma creatinine must be adjusted in relation to age, weight and gender.
Hypovolaemia, secondary to the loss of water and sodium induced by the diuretic at the start of treatment causes a reduction in glomerular filtration. This may lead to an increase in blood urea and plasma creatinine. This transitory functional renal insufficiency is of no consequence in individuals with normal renal function but may worsen pre-existing renal insufficiency.
Athletes: The attention of athletes is drawn to the fact that this medicinal product contains an active ingredient, which may give a positive reaction in doping tests.
Choroidal effusion, acute myopia and secondary angle-closure glaucoma: Sulfonamide or sulfonamide derivative drugs can cause an idiosyncratic reaction resulting in choroidal effusion with visual field defect, transient myopia and acute angle-closure glaucoma. Symptoms include acute onset of decreased visual acuity or ocular pain and typically occur within hours to weeks of drug initiation. Untreated acute angle-closure glaucoma can lead to permanent vision loss. The primary treatment is to discontinue drug intake as rapidly as possible. Prompt medical or surgical treatments may need to be considered if the intraocular pressure remains uncontrolled. Risk factors for developing acute angle-closure glaucoma may include a history of sulfonamide or penicillin allergy.

The most commonly reported adverse reactions are hypokalaemia, hypersensitivity reactions, mainly dermatological, in subjects with a predisposition to allergic and asthmatic reactions and maculopapular rashes.
See prescribing information for full details.

Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Combinations that are not recommended:
Lithium:
Increased plasma lithium with signs of overdose, as with a salt-free diet (decreased urinary lithium excretion). However, if the use of diuretics is necessary, careful monitoring of plasma lithium and dose adjustment is required. Combinations requiring precautions for use Torsades de pointes-inducing drugs: Class Ia antiarrhythmics (quinidine, hydroquinidine, disopyramide), Class III antiarrhythmics (amiodarone, bretylium, sotalol dofetilide, ibutilide), Some antipsychotics: phenothiazines (chlorpromazine, cyamemazine, levomepromazine, thioridazine, trifluoperazine), benzamides (amisulpride, sulpiride, tiapride), butyrophenones (droperidol, haloperidol),other antipsychotics (e.g. pimozide). other substances: bepridil, cisapride, diphemanil, erythromycin IV, mizolastine, sparfloxacin, moxifloxacin, halofantrine, pentamidine, Terfenadine, vincamine IV, methadone, astemizole, Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias, particularly Torsades de pointes (hypokalaemia is a risk factor). Monitor for hypokalaemia and correct, if required, before introducing this combination. Clinical, plasma electrolytes and ECG monitoring.
Use substances which do not have the disadvantage of causing torsade de pointes in the presence of hypokalaemia.
NSAIDs (systemic route), including COX-2 selective inhibitors, high dose salicylic acid (≥ 3g/day):
Possible reduction in antihypertensive effect of indapamide.
Risk of acute renal failure in dehydrated patients (decreased glomerular filtration).
Hydrate the patient; monitor renal function at the start of treatment.
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors: Risk of sudden hypotension and/or acute renal failure when treatment with an ACE inhibitor is started in the presence of pre-existing sodium depletion (in particularl in individuals with renal artery stenosis). In hypertension, when prior diuretic treatment may have caused sodium depletion, it is necessary: – either to stop the diuretic 3 days before starting treatment with the ACE inhibitor, and restart a hypokalaemic diuretic if necessary; – or give low initial doses of the ACE inhibitor and increase the dose gradually. In congestive cardiac failure, start with a very low dose of ACE inhibitor, possibly after a reduction in the dose of the concomitant hypokalaemic diuretic. In all cases, monitor renal function (plasma creatinine) during the first weeks of treatment with an ACE inhibitor.
Other compounds causing hypokalaemia: amphotericin B (IV), gluco- and mineralo-corticoids (systemic route), tetracosactide, stimulant laxatives:
Increased risk of hypokalaemia (additive effect).
Monitoring of plasma potassium and correction if required. Must be particularly borne in mind in case of concomitant digitalis treatment. Use non-stimulant laxatives.
Baclofen:
Increased antihypertensive effect.
Hydrate the patient; monitor renal function at the start of treatment.
Digitalis preparations:
Hypokalaemia predisposing to the toxic effects of digitalis.
Monitoring of plasma potassium, magnesium and ECG and, if necessary, adjust the treatment.
Combinations requiring special care:
Allopurinol:
Concomitant treatment with indapamide may increase the incidence of hypersensitivity reactions to allopurinol.
Combinations which must be taken into consideration:
Potassium-sparing diuretics (amiloride, spironolactone, triamterene):
Whilst rational combinations are useful in some patients, hypokalaemia or hyperkalaemia particularly in patients with renal failure or diabetes may still occur.
Plasma potassium and ECG should be monitored and, if necessary, treatment reviewed.
Metformin:
Increased risk of metformin induced lactic acidosis due to the possibility of functional renal failure associated with diuretics and more particularly with loop diuretics.
Do not use metformin when plasma creatinine exceeds 15 mg/liter (135 μmol/ L) in men and 12 mg/ L (110 μmol/ L) in women.
Iodinated contrast media:
In the presence of dehydration caused by diuretics, increased risk of acute renal failure, in particular when large doses of iodinated contrast media are used.
Rehydration before administration of the iodinated compound.
Imipramine-like antidepressants, neuroleptics:
Antihypertensive effect and increased risk of orthostatic hypotension increased (additive effect).
Calcium (salts):
Risk of hypercalcaemia resulting from decreased urinary calcium elimination.
Ciclosporin/ Tacrolimus:
Risk of increased plasma creatinine without any change in, circulating ciclosporin/ tacrolimus levels, even in the absence of water/sodium depletion.
Corticosteroids, tetracosactide (systemic route):
Decreased antihypertensive effect (water/sodium retention due to corticosteroids)

Pregnancy:
There are no or limited amount of data (less than 300 pregnancy outcomes) from the use of indapamide in pregnant women. Prolonged exposure to thiazide during the third trimester of pregnancy can reduce maternal plasma volume as well as uteroplacental blood flow, which may cause a foeto-placental ischaemia and growth retardation.
Animal studies do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to reproductive toxicity.
As a precautionary measure, it is preferable to avoid the use of Indapamide during pregnancy.
Lactation:
Indapamide is excreted in human milk in small amounts.
Hypersensitivity to sulfonamide-derived medicines and hypokalaemia might occur. A risk to the newborns/infants cannot be excluded.
Indapamide is closely related to thiazide diuretics which have been associated, during breast-feeding, with decreased or even suppression of milk lactation.
Indapamide is not recommended during breast-feeding.

Symptoms: Indapamide has been found to be free of toxicity up to 40 mg, i.e. 16 times the therapeutic dose.
Signs of acute poisoning take the form above all of water/electrolyte disturbances (hyponatraemia, hypokalaemia). Clinically, there is a possibility of nausea, vomiting, hypotension, cramps, vertigo, drowsiness, confusion, polyuria or oligouria possibly to the point of anuria (by hypovolaemia).
Management: Initial measures involve the rapid elimination of the ingested substance(s) by gastric washout and/or administration of activated charcoal. Subsequent treatment would be symptomatic, directed at correcting the electrolyte abnormalities in a specialized centre.

Storage: Store below 25°C.